Which term describes the abnormal backflow of urine from the bladder to the ureter?

The term that describes the abnormal backflow of urine from the bladder to the ureter is "Vesicoureteral Reflux." This condition occurs when urine flows in the reverse direction, which can lead to urinary tract infections and potential damage to the kidneys if not addressed. It often arises due to a defect in the valve mechanism at the junction where the ureter meets the bladder, allowing urine to flow back into the ureter instead of being expelled from the body.

The other terms do not relate to the backflow of urine. Enuresis refers to involuntary urination, typically seen in children, particularly during sleep. Hematuria is the presence of blood in the urine, indicating issues such as infection or injury rather than reflux. Renal calculi, or kidney stones, refer to hard deposits formed in the kidneys that can cause pain and blockage but do not describe urine flow dynamics. Understanding these distinctions helps clarify the specific medical terminology related to urinary conditions.