Which condition is indicated by an outward curvature of the spine, often called a hunchback?

The condition characterized by an outward curvature of the spine, commonly referred to as a hunchback, is indeed kyphosis. This spinal deformity involves an excessive convex curvature of the thoracic spine, which can lead to a hunched appearance. Kyphosis can be caused by various factors, including developmental issues, degenerative diseases, postural problems, or certain medical conditions.

Understanding the distinction between different spinal curvatures is critical. Lordosis, for instance, refers to an excessive inward curvature of the lower back, while scoliosis is a condition where the spine curves sideways. Osteoporosis, on the other hand, is a bone density disease that can contribute to the risk of fractures but is not a specific spinal curvature condition. Therefore, kyphosis is the appropriate term for the outward curvature described in the question.