In which condition does a person experience pain during urination?

Dysuria is the medical term specifically used to describe the sensation of pain or discomfort during urination. It often indicates an underlying condition such as a urinary tract infection (UTI), inflammation, or irritation of the urinary tract, and can be characterized by symptoms such as burning, stinging, or aching while urinating.

The other conditions listed do not directly refer to pain during urination. Cloudy urine may indicate the presence of infection or other issues in the urine but does not inherently involve pain. Urinary retention refers to the inability to empty the bladder fully and can cause discomfort or pressure but is not synonymous with pain during urination. Urinary incontinence is the involuntary loss of urine, which does not specifically focus on the pain aspect during urination. Therefore, the focus on pain during urination solidly identifies dysuria as the correct choice in this context.